OnThisDay's Posts

On this day in 1523 – Parisian printer Simon de Colines was fined for printing biblical commentary by Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples without obtaining prior approval from theologians.

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On this day in 1972 – Vietnam War: Associated Press photographer Nick Ut took a Pulitzer Prize–winning photograph of a naked nine-year-old Phan Thi Kim Phuc fleeing after being burned by napalm.

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On this day in 1826 – In York, Upper Canada, members of the Family Compact destroyed William Lyon Mackenzie's printing press in the Types Riot after Mackenzie accused them of corruption.

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On this day in 1810 – Journalist Mariano Moreno(pictured) published Argentina's first newspaper, the Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres.

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On this day in 1692 – An earthquake registering approximately 7.5 Mw caused Port Royal, Jamaica, to sink below sea level and killed approximately 5,000 people.

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On this day in 1822 – Alexis St. Martin, a Canadian voyageur, was accidentally shot in the stomach; medical investigations of his injury led to a greater understanding of the processes of digestion.

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On this day in 1749 – A plot by Muslim slaves in Malta to assassinate Manuel Pinto da Fonseca of the Knights Hospitaller was uncovered.

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On this day in 1305 – Raymond Bertrand de Got was elected Pope Clement V, succeeding Benedict XI, who died the previous year.

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On this day in 663 – The Daming Palace in Chang'an became the seat of government and the royal residence of the Tang dynasty during the reign of Emperor Gaozong.

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On this day in 1561 – The spire of Old St Paul's Cathedral in London was destroyed by fire, probably caused by lightning.

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On this day in 1940 – Franz Rademacher, a Nazi official, proposed that the island of Madagascar be made available as a destination for the resettlement of the Jewish population of Europe.

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On this day in 1892 – Liverpool F.C.(stadium pictured), one of England's most successful football clubs, was founded.

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On this day in 1802 – Henry Hacking killed the Aboriginal Australian resistance fighter Pemulwuy after Philip Gidley King ordered that he be brought in dead or alive.

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On this day in 455 – After having removed Petronius Maximus from the imperial throne, Vandals led by Genseric entered Rome and began sacking the city for two weeks.

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On this day in 1861 – The first land battle of the American Civil War after Fort Sumter took place in the village of Fairfax, Virginia.

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On this day in 1660 – Mary Dyer(pictured) was hanged in Boston for repeatedly defying a law banning Quakers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

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On this day in 1293 – Majapahit forces under Raden Wijaya won a major victory in the Mongol invasion of Java, now considered to be the founding date of the Indonesian city of Surabaya.

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On this day in 1972 – Members of the Japanese Red Army carried out the Lod Airport massacre in Tel Aviv, Israel, on behalf of PFLP External Operations, killing over 20 people and injuring almost 80 others.

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On this day in 1922 – The Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., featuring a sculpture of the sixteenth U.S. president Abraham Lincoln(pictured) by Daniel Chester French, opened.

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On this day in 1913 – During the premiere of the ballet The Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky(pictured) at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris, the avant-garde nature of the music and choreography caused a near-riot in the audience.

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On this day in 1233 – Mongol–Jin War: The Mongols entered and began looting Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin dynasty of China, after a 13-month siege.

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On this day in 1754 – French and Indian War: Led by 22-year-old George Washington, a company of Virginia colonial militiamen ambushed a force of 35 Canadiens at the Battle of Jumonville Glen(depicted).

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On this day in 585 BC – According to the Greek historian Herodotus, a solar eclipse, accurately predicted by Thales of Miletus, abruptly ended the Battle of Halys between the Lydians and the Medes.

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On this day in 1917 – Pope Benedict XV(pictured) promulgated the Pio-Benedictine Code, the first official comprehensive codification of Latin canon law.

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On this day in 1799 – War of the Second Coalition: Austrian forces defeated the French Army of the Danube, capturing the strategically important Swiss town of Winterthur.

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On this day in 1822 – The deadliest fire in Norwegian history(depicted) occurred at a church in Grue, killing at least 113 people.

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On this day in 1644 – Portuguese Restoration War: Portuguese and Spanish forces both claimed victory at the Battle of Montijo.

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On this day in 1644 – Ming–Qing transition: Ming general Wu Sangui allowed the invading Manchu to cross the Great Wall of China(pictured), enabling them to capture Beijing and establish the Qing dynasty.

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On this day in 1644 – Ming–Qing transition: Ming general Wu Sangui allowed the invading Manchu to cross the Great Wall of China(pictured), allowing them to capture Beijing and establish the Qing dynasty.

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On this day in 1738 – At a Moravian meeting in Aldersgate, London, John Wesley(pictured) experienced a spiritual rebirth, leading him to launch the Methodist movement.

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On this day in 1873 – The North-West Mounted Police, the forerunner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, was established to bring law and order to and assert Canadian sovereignty over the Northwest Territories.

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On this day in 1430 – Hundred Years' War: Joan of Arc(pictured) was captured by Burgundian forces at the Siege of Compiègne.

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On this day in 1897 – The first Blackwall Tunnel under the River Thames was opened to improve commerce and trade in the East End of London.

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On this day in 1762 – The Trevi Fountain(pictured) in Rome was officially inaugurated by Pope Clement XIII.

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On this day in 1911 – Mexican president Porfirio Díaz and the revolutionary Francisco I. Madero signed the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez to end hostilities between each other's forces, concluding the initial phase of the Mexican Revolution.

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On this day in 1403 – King Henry III of Castilesent an embassy to the Timurid court to discuss a potential alliance against the Ottoman Empire.

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On this day in 1875 – Representatives from seventeen countries signed the Metre Convention, which set up an institute for the purpose of coordinating international metrology and for coordinating the development of the metric system.

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On this day in 1828 – The United States Congress passed the largest tariff in the nation's history, which resulted in severe economic hardship in the American South.

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On this day in 1743 – French physicist Jean-Pierre Christin published the design of a mercury thermometer using the centigrade scale, with 0 representing the melting point of water and 100 its boiling point.

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On this day in 1695 – An earthquake measuring Ms7.8 struck Shanxi Province in northern China, resulting in at least 52,600 deaths.

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On this day in 1302 – Armed insurrectionists massacred the occupying French garrison in Bruges, Flanders, killing approximately 2,000 people.

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On this day in 1642 – The Société Notre-Dame de Montréal founded Fort Ville-Marie, a permanent mission that eventually grew into the Canadian city of Montreal.

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On this day in 1395 – An outnumbered Wallachian army repulsed invading Ottoman forces at the Battle of Rovine.

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On this day in 1832 – Prospector Juan Godoy discovered a silver outcrop in Chañarcillo, sparking the Chilean silver rush.

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On this day in 1811 – Peninsular War: Allied British, Spanish, and Portuguese forces clashed with French troops at the Battle of Albuera fought south of Badajoz, Spain.

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On this day in 1252 – Pope Innocent IV issued the papal bullAd extirpanda, authorizing the use of torture on heretics during the Medieval Inquisition.

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On this day in 1919 – Sir Harry Hands, the mayor of Cape Town, performed the first public observance of a two-minute silence in remembrance of those killed in World War I.

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On this day in 1856 – Major Henry C. Wayne arrived in Indianola, Texas, with 34 camels to form the short-lived United States Camel Corps(pictured).

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On this day in 1373 – The English mysticJulian of Norwich(statue pictured) recovered from a severe illness during which she experienced a series of intense visions of Christ, which she later described in the first known English-language book written by a woman.

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On this day in 1373 – English mysticJulian of Norwich(statue pictured) recovered from a severe illness during which she experienced a series of intense visions of Christ, which she later described in the first known English-language book written by a woman.

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On this day in 1863 – American Civil War: The Confederates were routed in the Battle of Raymond, a small battle that had an inordinately large impact on the Vicksburg campaign.

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On this day in 1846 – The Donner Party, an American pioneer group which became known for resorting to cannibalism when they became trapped in the Sierra Nevada, left Independence, Missouri, for California.

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On this day in 1792 – American sea captain Robert Graybecame the first known explorer of European descent to navigate the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest.

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On this day in 1775 – American Revolutionary War: A small force of Patriots led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnoldcaptured Fort Ticonderoga(depicted) in New York, without significant injury or incident.

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On this day in 28 BC – The first precisely dated observation of a sunspotwas made by Chinese astronomers of the Han dynasty.

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On this day in 1918 – First World War: Germany repelled Britain's second attempt to blockade the Belgian port of Ostend.

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On this day in 1864 – Second Schleswig War: The Battle of Heligoland(depicted), the last naval engagement fought by squadrons of wooden ships, took place between the Danish and Austro-Prussian fleets.

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On this day in 1950 – The Tollund Man(pictured), a naturally mummified corpse, was discovered in a peat bog near Silkeborg, Denmark.

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On this day in 1927 – French aviators Charles Nungesser and François Coli aboard the biplaneL'Oiseau Blanc took off from Paris, attempting to make the first non-stop flight to New York, only to disappear before arrival.

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On this day in 1697 – The 13th-century castle of Tre Kronor in Stockholm burned down; plans for the current royal palace were presented within the year.

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On this day in 1882 – U.S. president Chester A. Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act into law (cartoon pictured), implementing a ban on Chinese immigration to the United States that remained for 61 years.

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On this day in 1801 – French Revolutionary Wars: The 32-gun Spanish frigate El Gamowas captured by the outmanned and outgunned HMS Speedy.

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On this day in 1891 – Carnegie Hall(interior pictured) in New York City, built by the philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, officially opened with a concert conducted by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.

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On this day in 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople, considered by many Christian churches to be the fifth ecumenical council, convened to discuss Nestorianism, Origenism, and other topics.

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On this day in 1942 – World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Allied naval forces at the Battle of the Coral Sea, the first fleet action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other.

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On this day in 1776 – American Revolution: The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations became the first of the Thirteen Colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown.

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On this day in 1845 – A long-running feud between two towns in Wisconsin came to a head when a schoonercrashed into a bridge; they later merged to form the city of Milwaukee.

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On this day in 1791 – The Great Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ratified the first codified national constitution in Europe.

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On this day in 1878 – A dust explosion at the world's largest flour mill in Minneapolis resulted in 18 deaths.

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On this day in 1670 – A royal charter granted the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly in the fur trade in Rupert's Land (present-day Canada).

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On this day in 880 – The Nea Ekklesia church in Constantinople, on which many later cross-in-square Orthodox churches were based, was consecrated.

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On this day in 1789 – George Washington took the oath of office as the first president of the United States at Federal Hall in New York City.

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On this day in 1006 – SN 1006(remnant pictured), the brightest supernova in recorded history, first appeared in the constellation Lupus.

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On this day in 1760 – Seven Years' War: France began an unsuccessful attempt to retake Quebec City, which had been captured by Britain.

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On this day in 1386 – The Grand Duchy of Lithuania decisively won the Battle of the Vikhra River, forcibly making the Principality of Smolensk a vassal state.

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On this day in 1887 – A week after being arrested by the Prussian Secret Police, French police inspector Guillaume Schnaebelé(pictured) was released on the order of William I, the German Emperor, defusing a possible war.

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On this day in 1611 – The University of Santo Tomas in Manila, one of the oldest existing universities in Asia and one of the world's largest Catholic universities in terms of enrollment, was founded.

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On this day in 1522 – Four Years' War: The combined forces of Spain and the Papal States defeated a French and Venetian army at the Battle of Bicocca.

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On this day in 1941 – Boris Kidric and Edvard Kardelj founded the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation, the main anti-fascist Slovene civil-resistance and political organization during World War II.

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On this day in 1478 – In a conspiracy to replace the Medici family as rulers of the Republic of Florence, the Pazzi family attacked Lorenzo de' Medici and killed his brother Giuliano at Florence Cathedral.

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On this day in 1932 – Gladys Elinor Watkins consecrated the carillon of the National War Memorial in New Zealand (dedication pictured).

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On this day in 799 – Leo III was attacked by partisans of his predecessor Adrian I, but was rescued and taken to Charlemagne, as described in the epic Karolus magnus et Leo papa.

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On this day in 1932 – An estimated 400 ramblers committed a wilful mass trespass of Kinder Scout(pictured) in the Peak District to highlight the denial of access to areas of open country in England.

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On this day in 1922 – The first portion of the Imperial Wireless Chain, a strategic international wireless telegraphy communications network created to link the countries of the British Empire, opened.

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On this day in 1891 – Chilean Civil War: The armored frigate Blanco Encalada was sunk at the Battle of Caldera Bay, the first ironclad warship lost to a self-propelled torpedo.

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On this day in 1661 – Charles II was crowned King of England, Scotland and Ireland at Westminster Abbey.

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On this day in 1500 – A fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral anchored off the coast of present-day Brazil, claiming the land for the Portuguese Empire.

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On this day in 1509 – Henry VIII became King of England, following the death of his father Henry VII, eventually becoming a significant figure in the history of the English monarchy.

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On this day in 753 BC – Romulus and Remus(depicted) legendarily founded the city of Rome, according to the calculations of ancient Roman scholar Varro Reatinus.

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On this day in 1828 – French explorer René Caillié reached Timbuktu in present-day Mali, and later received a 9,000-franc prize from the Société de Géographie for being the first European to return with a description of the city.

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On this day in 1657 – Anglo-Spanish War: The English navy sank much of a Spanish treasure fleet at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife off the Canary Islands, but was unable to capture the treasure.

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On this day in 1903 – Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Kishinev, the capital of Bessarabia Governorate, causing the death of nearly 50 Jews and focusing worldwide attention on the persecution of Jews in Russia.

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On this day in 1713 – With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issued the Pragmatic Sanction, allowing the Habsburg hereditary possessions to be inherited by a daughter.

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On this day in 1915 – World War I: Hit by ground fire, French aviation pioneer Roland Garros(pictured) landed his aircraft behind enemy lines and was taken prisoner.

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On this day in 1689 – Glorious Revolution: Provincial militia and citizens in Bostonrevolted, arresting officials of the Dominion of New England.

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On this day in 1797 – French Revolutionary Wars: British forces commanded by Lieutenant-General Ralph Abercrombyinvaded the Spanish colonial port of San Juan, Puerto Rico.

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On this day in 1912 – American pilot Harriet Quimby(pictured) became the first woman to fly across the English Channel.

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On this day in 1520 – Citizens of Toledo, Castile, opposed to the rule of the foreign-born Charles I, revolted when the royal government attempted to unseat radical city councilors.

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On this day in 769 – The final session of the Lateran Council, convened to rectify abuses in the papal electoral process that had led to the elevation of the antipopesConstantine II and Philip, was held in Rome.

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On this day in 769 – The final session was held of the Lateran Council, convened to rectify abuses in the papal electoral process that had led to the elevation of the antipopesConstantine II and Philip.

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On this day in 1471 – Wars of the Roses: The Yorkists under Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians at the Battle of Barnet, killing Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.

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On this day in 966 – Polish ruler Mieszko Iconverted to Christianity, an event considered to be the founding of the Polish state.

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On this day in 1942 – Austrian soldier Anton Schmid was executed for rescuing Jews from the Ponary massacre in Vilnius.

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On this day in 1829 – The Roman Catholic Relief Act received royal assent, removing the most substantial restrictions on Catholics in the United Kingdom.

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On this day in 1204 – Troops of the Fourth Crusade entered Constantinople and began a sack of the city, temporarily dissolving the Byzantine Empire.

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On this day in 1913 – The cricket pavilion at the Nevill Ground was destroyed in an arson attack (damage pictured) that was attributed to militant suffragettes as part of a country-wide campaign co-ordinated by the Women's Social and Political Union.

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On this day in 1241 – Mongol invasion of Europe: Mongol forces led by Batu Khan and Subutai defeated the army of King Béla IV at the Battle of Mohi near the river Sajó, a key victory in their first invasion of Hungary.

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On this day in 1858 – Big Ben, the bell in the Palace of Westminster's clock tower in London, was cast after the original bell cracked during testing.

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On this day in 1815 – Mount Tambora in Indonesia began the most powerful volcanic eruption in recorded history, killing at least 71,000 people and affecting temperatures worldwide.

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On this day in 1942 – World War II: Japanese forces defeated Allied troops at the Battle of Bataan in the Philippines before beginning to forcibly transfer more than 90,000 prisoners of war to prison camps in the Bataan Death March.

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On this day in 1860 – Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville recorded himself singing "Au clair de la lune" on his phonautograph, producing the oldest known recording of an audible human voice.

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On this day in 876 – Abbasid forces decisively defeated those of Saffarid emir Ya'qub ibn Laith, forcing the latter to halt his advance into Iraq.

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On this day in 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla(pictured) was assassinated near Harran and succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect Macrinus.

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On this day in 1830 – Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer and others formally organized the Church of Christ, starting the Latter Day Saint movement.

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On this day in 1712 – A group of 23 slaves in New York City revolted, setting fire to a building, but were soon recaptured.

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On this day in 1614 – Pocahontas, a Native American woman, married English colonist John Rolfe in the Colony of Virginia.

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On this day in 919 – The Fatimid Caliphate began a second unsuccessful invasion of Egypt, then under Abbasid rule.

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On this day in 1873 – The Kennel Club, the world's oldest kennel club, was founded in the United Kingdom after Sewallis Shirley became frustrated by trying to organise dog shows without a consistent set of rules.

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On this day in 1866 – Russian tsar Alexander II narrowly survived an assassination attempt by Dmitry Karakozov.

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On this day in 1860 – The Pony Express, a mail service that became the most direct means of long-distance communication across the United States before the first transcontinental telegraph, began operation.

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On this day in 1863 – About 5,000 people in Richmond, Virginia, mostly poor women, rioted in protest of the high price of bread.

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On this day in 1800 – Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Constantinople, establishing the Septinsular Republic, the first autonomous Greek state in more than 300 years.

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On this day in 1941 – Soviet border guards opened fire on civilians attempting to cross the border from the Soviet Union to Romania near Fântâna Alba, killing between 44 and 3,000 people.

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On this day in 1293 – Robert Winchelsey left England for Rome to be consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury, but a papal vacancy delayed the ceremony.

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On this day in 1992 – USS Missouri(pictured), the last active United States Navy battleship, was decommissioned in Long Beach, California.

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On this day in 1942 – Second World War: Because of a mutiny by Indian soldiers against their British officers, Japanese troops captured Christmas Island without any resistance.

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On this day in 1912 – Sultan Abd al-Hafid signed the Treaty of Fes, making Morocco a French protectorate.

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On this day in 1807 – German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers discovered Vesta, the brightest asteroid and second-most massive body in the asteroid belt.

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On this day in 845 – Viking expansion: Viking raiders, possibly led by the legendary Ragnar Lodbrok, plundered and occupied Paris(depicted), holding the city for a large ransom.

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On this day in 1842 – The Vienna Philharmonic(pictured) held its first concert, conducted by Otto Nicolai.

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On this day in 1802 – German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers discovered Pallas, the second asteroid ever identified, though it was considered to be a planet at the time.

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On this day in 1850 – San Diego, the first European settlement in present-day California, was incorporated as a city.

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On this day in 1638 – The first of four strong earthquakes struck Calabria in southern Italy, which resulted in up to 30,000 combined deaths.

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On this day in 1885 – Perceiving that the Canadian government was failing to protect their rights, the Métis people led by Louis Riel began the North-West Rebellion.

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On this day in 1697 – The Safavid Empire began a four-year occupation of the Ottoman city of Basra on the Persian Gulf.

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On this day in 1410 – The Yongle Emperor of Ming China launched the first of his military campaigns against the Mongols, resulting in the fall of the Mongol khan Bunyashiri.

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On this day in 1898 – The Winton Motor Carriage Company(ad pictured), one of the first American car companies, sold its first unit.

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On this day in 1869 – New Zealand Wars: Maori leader Titokowaru's conflict ended with the last of his forces surrendering to the New Zealand colonial government.

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On this day in 1919 – Benito Mussolini and his supporters founded the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, the predecessor of the National Fascist Party.

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On this day in 1905 – About 1,500 Cretans, led by Eleftherios Venizelos, met at the village of Theriso to call for the island's unification with Greece, beginning the Theriso revolt.

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On this day in 1784 – The Emerald Buddha, considered to be the sacred palladium of Thailand, was installed in its current location at Wat Phra Kaew on the grounds of the Grand Palace in Bangkok.

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On this day in 1508 – Ferdinand II of Aragon appointed Amerigo Vespucci to the post of Chief Navigator of Spain.

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On this day in 1814 – War of the Sixth Coalition: At the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube in north-central France, Napoleon suddenly realized that his French army was vastly outnumbered by Allied forces, and hurriedly ordered a retreat.

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On this day in 1815 – After escaping from exile in Elba, Napoleon entered Paris, beginning the period known as the Hundred Days.

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On this day in 235 – Maximinus Thrax acceded to the throne of the Roman Empire as a so-called barracks emperor, who gained power by virtue of his command of the army.

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On this day in 1808 – King Charles IV of Spain was forced to abdicate in favour of his son Ferdinand VII as a result of the Tumult of Aranjuez.

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On this day in 1277 – The Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice signed a treaty that renegotiated and extended by two years a previous treaty between them.

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On this day in 1892 – Canadian governor general Lord Stanley of Preston pledged to donate an award to Canada's top-ranked amateur ice hockey club, now known as the Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America.

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On this day in 1068 – An estimated 20,000 people died across the Near East when a violent earthquake struck the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba.

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On this day in 1891 – The transatlantic steamship Utopia accidentally collided with the battleship HMS Anson in the Bay of Gibraltar, sinking in less than twenty minutes and killing 562.

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On this day in 1677 – Franco-Dutch War: France captured the town of Valenciennes in the Spanish Netherlands.

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On this day in 1872 – In the inaugural final of the FA Cup(trophy pictured), the world's oldest association football competition, Wanderers defeated Royal Engineers1–0 at The Oval in Kennington, London.

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On this day in 1322 – Despenser War: A royalist army defeated troops loyal to Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, in the Battle of Boroughbridge, which allowed King Edward II of England to hold on to power for another five years.

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On this day in 856 – Byzantine emperor Michael III(pictured) overthrew his mother Theodora's regency to assume power for himself.

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On this day in 1489 – Catherine Cornaro(pictured), Queen of Cyprus, was forced to abdicate and sell the administration of the island to the Republic of Venice.

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On this day in 1309 – On Eid al-Fitr, the citizens of Granada stormed palaces in the city, deposing Sultan Muhammad III and placing his half-brother Nasr on the throne.

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On this day in 1009 – The first known record of the name of Lithuania appeared in an entry of the Annals of Quedlinburg, written in Saxony-Anhalt, present-day Germany.

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On this day in 1919 – During the Egyptian Revolution, British authorities arrested rebel leader Saad Zaghloul and exiled him to Malta.

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On this day in 1702 – Anne(pictured) became the Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland, succeeding her brother-in-law William III.

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On this day in 1277 – Bishop Étienne Tempier promulgated a condemnation of 219 heretical propositions that were being discussed at the University of Paris.

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On this day in 1776 – American Revolutionary War: Samuel Nicholas and the Continental Marines successfully landed on New Providence in the Bahamas and began a raid of Nassau, capturing the port the next day.

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On this day in 1791 – French inventor Claude Chappe and his brothers first demonstrated the semaphore telegraph, a system to convey information by means of visual signals, using towers with pivoting crossarms.

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On this day in 1562 – An attempt by Francis, Duke of Guise, to disperse a church service by Huguenots in Wassy, France, turned into a massacre, resulting in 50 dead, and starting the French Wars of Religion.

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On this day in 1638 – The National Covenant was formally adopted in opposition to proposed reforms to the Church of Scotland by King Charles I.

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On this day in 1866 – Lucy Hobbs Taylor(pictured) became the first woman to receive a doctorate from a dental college.

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On this day in 1816 – Italian composer Gioachino Rossini's opera buffaThe Barber of Seville premiered at the Teatro Argentina in Rome to jeers from the audience.

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On this day in 1674 – Charles II of England signed the Treaty of Westminster to end the Third Anglo-Dutch War, confirming English and Dutch sovereignty over New Netherland and Surinam, respectively.

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On this day in 1600 – The stratovolcanoHuaynaputina, in present-day Peru, produced the largest recorded volcanic explosion in South America.

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On this day in 1942 – World War II: The Imperial Japanese Army began the systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among Chinese Singaporeans.

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On this day in 1766 – Malagasy captives on the VOC slave ship Meermin began a mutiny that led to the ship's destruction on Cape Agulhas in present-day South Africa and the recapture of the instigators.

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On this day in 1959 – Vanguard 2(model pictured), the first weather satellite, was launched to measure cloud cover distribution.

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On this day in 1944 – World War II: The U.S. Navy began Operation Hailstone, a massive naval air and surface attack against the Japanese naval and air base at Truk in the Caroline Islands.

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On this day in 1859 – The French government passed a law setting the musical note A4 to a frequency of 435 hertz, in the first attempt to standardize concert pitch.

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On this day in 1804 – First Barbary War: Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a U.S. Navy raid to destroy the captured USS Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli(depicted), denying her use to the Barbary States.

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On this day in 1113 – Pope Paschal II issued the papal bullPie postulatio voluntatis, formally recognising the establishment of the Knights Hospitaller.

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On this day in 1852 – The Hospital for Sick Children(pictured), the first hospital in England to provide in-patient beds specifically for children, was founded in London.

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On this day in 1804 – Serb chieftans elected Ðorde Petrovic as their leader, and began an uprising against the Ottoman Empire.

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On this day in 1867 – Work began on the covering of the Senne(pictured), burying the polluted main river of Brussels to allow for urban renewal in the centre of the city.

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On this day in 1692 – Members of Clan MacDonald of Glencoe in the Scottish Highlandswere massacred, allegedly for failing to pledge allegiance to the new monarchs, William III and Mary II.

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On this day in 1855 – The precursor of Michigan State University in East Lansing was founded as the United States' first agricultural college.

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On this day in 1502 – Queen Isabella I issued an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity.

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On this day in 1584 – Spanish explorer Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founded the town of Nombre de Jesús, the first of two short-lived colonies at the Strait of Magellan.

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On this day in AD 55 – Britannicus, son of Claudius and his heir as Roman emperor, died after being poisoned at a dinner party.

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On this day in 1712 – Huilliches in Chile's Chiloé Archipelagorose up against Spanish encomenderos as vengeance for perceived injustices.

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On this day in 1855 – A series of hoof-like marks in the snow continuing through the countryside for some 40 to 100 miles (60 to 160 km) were discovered in Devon, England.

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On this day in 1234 – The Jin dynasty capital of Caizhou was captured by Mongols and their Song allies, bringing an end to Jurchen rule.

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On this day in 1879 – Angered by a controversial umpiring decision, cricket spectators rioted and attacked the England team during a match in Sydney, Australia.

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On this day in 1601 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, led a failed rebellion against Queen Elizabeth I of England.

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On this day in 1900 – A Chinese immigrant in San Francisco fell ill with the bubonic plague in the first epidemic of the disease in the continental United States.

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On this day in 1813 – Napoleonic Wars: Two evenly matched French and British frigatesfought for four hours at the Îles de Los off the Guinean coast, resulting in a stalemate.

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On this day in 1840 – British representatives and Maori chiefs first signed the Treaty of Waitangi, widely regarded to be the founding document of New Zealand.

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On this day in 1820 – The first ship of the American Colonization Society departed from New York for West Africa with 88 African-American emigrants aboard to found the colony of Liberia.

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On this day in 1637 – Ninety-eight sales for rare tulip bulbs were recorded on the last day of tulip mania, a speculative bubble in the Dutch Republic.

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On this day in 1797 – The Riobamba earthquake, the most powerful in Ecuador's history, devastated Riobamba and many other cities, causing at least 6,000 casualties.

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On this day in 960 – Emperor Taizu(pictured) came to power, initiating the Song dynasty of China that eventually lasted for more than three centuries.

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On this day in 1918 – At 11,675 ft (3,559 m) long, the Twin Peaks Tunnel in San Francisco opened as the longest streetcar tunnel in the world at the time.

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On this day in 1266 – Mudéjar revolt: King James I of Aragon entered the Muslim-held city of Murcia(depicted), conquered following its surrender three days earlier.

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On this day in 1659 – Jan van Riebeeck, the founder of Cape Town, produced the first bottle of South African wine(vineyard pictured).

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On this day in 506 – Alaric II, King of the Visigoths, promulgated a collection of Roman law known as the Breviary of Alaric.

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On this day in 1662 – Sino-Dutch conflicts: The Dutch East India Company's rule in Taiwan ended after a siege by the Ming loyalist Koxinga, who established the Kingdom of Tungning on the island.

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